Katalog

233 Muh. ammad A’zam Shāh (1653–1707; r. 1707) Muh. ammad A’zam Shāh was the eldest son of the sixth Mughal emperor, Aurangzēb (r. 1658– 1707), and his consort Dilras Bānū Begum, a Safavid princess. Emperor Aurangzēb’s death ini- tiated a war of succession among his sons for control of the Deccan. A’zam ascended the Mughal throne less than one month after Aurangzēb’s death but was soon challenged by his brother Mu’azzam, who then ascended the throne as Bahādur Shāh I (r. 1707–1712). 15 Bābur (1483–1530; r. Farghana 1494; Kabul 1504; Delhi 1526–1530)   The Mughals were descend- ants of the Timurids and shared a cultural legacy similar to the Turko-Mongol rulers of Central Asia. Zahīr ud-Dīn Muh. ammad was born in 1483 in Farghana, a region of Central Asia, during the dissipation of the Timurid Empire. He inherited the throne as an eleven year old and later estab- lished the Mughal Empire in India. 16 Bahādur Shāh I (1643–1712; r. 1707–1712) Prince Mu’azzam, later known as Bahādur Shāh, became the seventh ruler of the Mughal dynasty in India (1526–1858). He was born in Burhanpur in the Deccan, the second son of Aurangzēb (r. 1658–1707), governor of the Deccan. Mu’az- zam rebelled against Aurangzēb in 1670 and 1680 in an attempt to claim the throne but was dis- suaded by his mother. When Aurangzēb died without appointing an heir, Mu’azzam, then gov- ernor of Kabul, was quick to take charge after defeating his brothers and other contenders to the throne. He ascended the Mughal throne at age sixty-three on June 19, 1707, with the title Bahādur Shāh I. Bhao Sīngh (d. 1678)   Bhao Sīngh, a wazīr of Aurangzēb, was the rāo ( rājā ) of Bundi (r. 1658– 1678). He defeated Atmarām Gaur of Sheopur, who had attacked Bundi at the instigation of Aurangzēb in 1660, and became the governor of Aurangabad under Prince Mu’azzam. 17 Chatra Sal Rāo (d. 1658)   Chatra Sal Rāo was a Rājput prince, who died in the war between Prince Dārā and Aurangzēb in 1658. 18 Daniyāl (1572–1604)   Daniyāl was a son of the Mughal Emperor Akbar (r. 1556–1605). He served as the viceroy of the Deccan from 1601 to 1604. 19 His mother was a cousin of Akbar’s first wife from Amber. While Akbar had seven wives, Daniyāl had nine. Like his father, Daniyāl was notorious for his appetite for worldly pleasures. Both Daniyāl and his brother Murād succumbed to alcoholism and predeceased their father. His lineage ended when Shāh Jahān killed Daniyāl’s sons during a battle against Shāhryar for the throne of the Mughal kingdom. 20 Dārā Shikōh (1615–1659)   Dārā Shikōh, the heir apparent, was the first son of Shāh Jahān’s with his favorite wife, Mumtāz-i Mahāl, and was granted the title Shāhzāda-e Buland Iqbāl (Prince of High Fortune). He was forty-three when the war of succession began. When news of Shāh Jahān’s illness reached his younger brother Aurangzēb in the Deccan, Aurangzēb carefully planned a joint action with his brother Murād to dispose of Dārā and his fourth brother, Shujā‘ (d. 1661), leading to his successful victory over Dārā in the battle of Samugarh. 21 A great patron of the arts and literature, Dārā is credited with the translation of about forty Upanis.ads from Sanskrit into Persian. 22 Diler Khān (d. 1683)   In traveller and writer Nico- lao Manucci’s (1638–1717) accounts of the Mughals, 23 Aurangzēb ordered Diler Khān to succeed Bahādur Khān in 1678 in conducting the war against the Marātha warrior Śivājī. He died at Aurangabad. Farkhunda Akhtar (d. 1712)   Farkhunda Akhtar was the brother of Muh. ammad Shāh (r. 1719– 1748), the tenth ruler of the Mughal dynasty in India. Farrukh Sīyar (r. 1713–1719)   Farrukh Sīyar was the grandson of Bahādur Shāh I (r. 1707–1712) from his son ‘Azīm ush-Shān. After the deposi- tion of Farrukh Sīyar, several puppet rulers con- trolled the Mughal Empire for brief periods of time until Muh. ammad Shāh (r. 1719–1748) was put on the throne. 24 Fath Jang Khān (Ghāzi ud-Dīn)   Fath Jang Khān served as a chief wazīr during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzēb (r. 1658–1707). 25 A Sunni Turk, son of Qilich Khān, he, together with Safshikan Khān, played a prominent role in the battles preceding the fall of Bijapur (1685– 1686). He was made the sūbadār (governor) of Gujarat province during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Bahādur Shāh I (r. 1707–1712). Fīrōz Shāh Sūrī (r. 1554)   Fīrōz Shāh was the third ruler of the Sūr dynasty in India (1540–1555). Sultān Fīrōz Shāh Tughluq (r. 1351–1388) Fīrōz Shāh Tughluq was the fourth ruler of the Tughluq dynasty in India (1320–1414). Gaj Sīngh (1595–1638; r. 1618–1638) Rājā Gaj Sīngh was the ruler of Marwar. He suc- ceeded his father, Suraj Sīngh, whose sister was a wife of Jahāngīr and the mother of Shāh Jahān. Upon his death, he was succeeded by his son Jas- wanth Sīngh; while his other son, Amar Sīngh, was killed by order of Shāh Jahān in 1644. 26 Sultān Ghiyās ud-Dīn Balban (r. 1266–1286) Sultān Ghiyās ud-Dīn was the ninth sultān of the Mamlūk dynasty in India (1206–1290). He was a former slave and a son-in-law of Sultān Nāsir ud-Dīn Mahmūd. Shāh Ghiyās ud-Dīn Tughluq I (r. 1320–1325) Shāh Ghiyās ud-Dīn was the founder and first ruler of the Tughluq (also Tughlaq or Tughluk) dynasty in India (1320–1414). The Tughluq was a Muslim dynasty of Turkic origin that ruled the Delhi sultanate in medieval India. Its reign began in Delhi in 1320, when Shāh Ghiyās ud-Dīn assumed the throne with the title Ghiyās ud-Dīn Tughluq. Hasan Khān   Hasan Khān was a wazīr to a king of the Qutb Shāhī dynasty of Golconda (1496– 1687). Mīr Jumla (1591–1663), who was known for his civil and military administration, sent Hasan Khān to Pegu in Myanmar to begin com- mercial relations with its ruler. 27 Humāyūn (1508–1556; r. 1530–1540, 1555–1556) Humāyūn, Bābur’s eldest son, became ruler and encountered massive difficulties in his efforts to retain and expand his father’s conquests in India. Conflicts with the Pashtun rebel Shēr Shāh Sūrī (r. 1540–1545) ended with Humāyūn fleeing to Agra and then to Lahore in 1540. There, Humāyūn employed two Safavid artists, Mīr Sayyid ‘Alī and ‘Abd al-Samad, as well as other artists from the Safavidi court in Tabriz who later played a crucial role in the development of paint- ing under the Mughals. Poor administration and famine had weakened Sūr’s control in India, and Humāyūn, after his exile in Iran, successfully restored the Mughal rule in India by 1555. 28 Husain Shāh   Husain Shāh was probably a wazīr to a king of the Qutb Shāhī dynasty of Golconda (1496–1687). Ibn-i Khātūn (Shaikh Muh. ammad Khātūn, Muh. ammad Ibn-i Khātūn)   Muh. ammad Ibn-i Khātūn was the prime minister to Sultān ‘Abdullāh Qutb Shāh (r. 1626–1672) of Gol- conda. Ibn-i Khātūn was permitted to sit beside ‘Abdullāh’s throne in 1629. 29 Shāh Ibrāhīm Lōdī (r. 1517–1526)   Shāh Ibrāhīm was the third and final ruler of the Lōdī dynasty in India (1451–1526). Ibrāhīm Shāh Sūrī (r. 1555)   Ibrāhīm Shāh was the fifth ruler of the Sūr dynasty in India (1540– 1555).

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